Do you know your brassicas from your legumes, or which veg can be grown side by side? Knowing when and where to plant vegetables on your allotment or garden will offer the best chance of success for a bumper crop.
Understanding crop rotation
National Allotments Week (August 10-16, nsalg.org.uk) is the ideal time for beginner gardeners to get to grips with plant families and crop rotation, so you know which veg can be grown as annuals – the ones you will sow and harvest within one year.
There are four major groups of vegetables…
1. Brassicas: members of the cabbage family including cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, oriental greens, radish, swede and turnip.
2. Legumes: members of the pea family including peas, broad beans (although French and runner beans can be grown wherever convenient) and clover, which is used as green manure. Legumes can fix nitrogen from the air in root nodules and if left to decompose in the soil, will be beneficial to later crops.
3. Potato family: potatoes and tomatoes (peppers and aubergines can be grown anywhere in the rotation).
4. Roots: beetroot, carrot, celery, celeriac, parsley, parsnip, Florence fennel and all other root crops except swedes and turnips.
How allotment crop rotation works
Traditionally, you create four beds within your allotment space, one for each of these groups of vegetables, and rotate the groups between beds each year, moving them in the same order and direction, so you avoid planting the same crop in the same place more than one year in four, to help prevent root diseases.
This also helps make the most of their soil requirements, as brassicas and roots benefit from the soil being given a top-dressing of lime, while potatoes and legumes prefer soil that has been manured. Alternate treatments help keep the soil balanced, while soil structure benefits from having a deep-rooted crop one year and a shallow-rooted one another.
What about modern crops?
The old system doesn’t take into account modern crops such as sweetcorn and courgettes, but many people don’t want to devote a quarter of their plot to maincrop potatoes. If that’s the case, just divide the plot into three and grow courgettes with peas and beans.
Salads and other quick crops can be grown in the gaps between the rows of slower-growing, bigger crops. Onions, pumpkins, salad leaves and stem and fruiting vegetables can slot in where there is space, although onions are often grown with legumes.
What to do if you forget to crop rotate
So, in all the excitement of your new allotment, you may forget what you grew on a piece of ground the previous year. Don’t worry, just remember these important points:
Don’t grow potatoes in the same spot two years running, because they are hungry feeders and will leave the soil depleted of nutrients.
Add lime to the soil in autumn after growing potatoes, and grow peas or beans on that piece of ground. Peas and beans are great nitrogen-fixers, producing plenty of nutrients for any crop that follows them, including brassicas.
With root crops, don’t dig in manure before planting as they won’t like it. Instead, apply manure once you have harvested the root crops in autumn, so the soil will be replenished in anticipation of potato planting.
What about perennial veg?
Perennial veg, including rhubarb, artichokes and perpetual spinach, should go into separate beds where they can be left undisturbed. Asparagus needs its own bed and will take a couple of years before you can harvest it.
Read more: The best vegetable seeds to sow in summer
